How to make money in the stock market

Note: I originally published this article on medium on January 30, 2018

I’ve been reading and studying the stock market a lot in the past month and figured I’d share what I’ve learned. There are two main methods of making money in the stock market; passive investing and active investing. In passive investing you make very few purchases and sales of your assets over time, where as with active investing you will move your money in and out of different assets much more frequently.

Passive Investing

The benefit of passive investing is that it takes up very little of your time. The disadvantage to passive investing is that your odds of obtaining above market returns, or alpha, are very low. If your goal is to maximize the total amount of money you earn long term, passive investing makes sense for the vast majority of investors because their time will be better spent earning money at a job or business. This is because:

1. People lack sufficient capital to invest. An increase in returns on small amount of capital is not worth very much. An extra 1% return on $25,000 invested is only $250/year. There are much easier ways to make an extra $250/year rather than stock picking
2. People lack the skills to achieve above market returns. You may have a large amount of capital saved but if you don’t know how to invest it wisely you’re much better off investing it passively and letting someone else manage it for you.

Having said that, the only real way to acquire the skills to achieve above market returns is to try it. Some people may enjoy the mental challenge of it even at the expense of potentially lower returns.

What are different ways of passive investing?

Depending on how passive you want to be and how much fees you are willing to spend, the main methods of passive investing in the stock market are going to be:

1. A predefined asset allocation % which you rebalance every so often. This could be once a year or once a month depending on how passive an investor you want to be.
2. Index funds
3. Mutual funds
4. Hedge funds

Each method has their advantages and disadvantages and will depend on how much control you want over your investments, how passive you want to be, what your risk profile is (what return are you looking for and what drawdown will you tolerate?), and how much in fees you are willing to pay?

A very simple and easy way to passively invest is to buy a low cost ETF like SPY. This is a market weighted index of the top 500 most valuable US companies. The management fees are very low at 0.09% and this is generally the market return baseline to which most investments are measured against.

You can try to pick a mutual fund or hedge fund that will outperform, but what criteria will you use? Why do people even invest in these with the added fees?

The answer is because of people’s desire to earn excess returns while minimizing their risk. Most people place a higher value on a 100% chance of $500 vs a 50% chance of $1000. Some people may even value a 100% chance of $495 more than a 50% chance at $1000. A way to mathematically represent this concept is with the sharpe ratio = r/s where r = rate of return and s = the standard deviation of the returns. Consider the following portfolio performance comparison:

A lower average return can end up resulting in the same value. The reason for this is the affect of dispersion of returns and the impact of negative returns on compounding interest, explained here. A sharpe ratio is a better judge of an investment’s merit than simply looking at average returns, but can we find a better benchmark for investments?

The problem with the sharpe ratio is that it equates volatility with risk. Not all volatility is bad. Upside volatility is very desirable. In Hedge Fund Market Wizards, (highly recommended reading) Jack D. Schwager introduces the “gain to pain ratio” which is calculated as the sum of all the monthly returns divided by the absolute value of the sum of the monthly losses. It can be expressed as gain_to_pain = sum(gains) / abs(sum(losses)) Consider the following portfolio performance comparison:

Which do you prefer? $19,346 or $40,907? Portfolio 1 has a higher sharpe ratio, but it’s ending balance and average return are much lower. If you’re looking for a single number to value and compare investments, the gain to pain ratio is good one. If you’re going to invest in a mutual fund or hedge fund, then I recommend looking for one with a long track record and high gain to pain ratio after accounting for fees.

Diversification and how to avoid blowing up

What about worst draw down percentages? That’s where diversification comes in. Ideally, you want to maximize returns while minimizing volatility, minimizing negative returns and minimizing draw downs. A common question is:

How much should you diversify?

People usually fall into two camps. One is the Warren Buffet camp, “Put all your eggs into one basket and watch it very carefully.” Mark Cuban has been quoted as saying “Diversification is for suckers.” The other camp believes in heavy diversification and owning a broad range of assets with a very small percentage allocated to each one. How much is right for you? The answer depends on the quality of your investment opportunities, your risk tolerance for large draw downs and your future earning potential. Consider the following hypothetical investment opportunities.

1. A stock that is

90% likely to return 300%

10% likely to return -100%

An average return of 260% (0.9×3+0.1×0–1)

or

2. A stock that is

90% likely to return 10%

10% likely to return -5%

An average return of 8.5% (0.9×1.1+0.1×0.95–1)

How much of your portfolio would you allocate to each stock? 260% returns are a lot better than 8.5% so YOLO all in on stock #1, right? Let’s look at a portfolio comparison:

Look, we got up to $2.6 billion by year 9 in portfolio 1! We have a higher average return, sharpe ratio, and gain to pain! Awesome! What about the worst drawdown? Oops! In year 10 we end up with $0. In fact if you keep YOLO’ing all in on the risky stock, it is a statistical certainty you will end up with $0. The answer to the problem of how best to allocate capital can be solved mathematically using the kelly criterion for simultaneous bets, assuming that all you care about is maximizing your long term median ending portfolio. The more outcomes you add, the more complicated the match becomes. For a simple rough calculation we can use the normal kelly criterion calculator to see that we should be wagering 87% on the risky stock. Let’s run a monte carlo sim on 30 years to see how that goes:

After 30 years in the combined portfolio we end up with an ungodly amount of money that I don’t even know how to pronounce and we’re maximizing our capital growth rate. All good right? Well… sort of. Suppose we’re managing outside capital. How do you think an investor is going to feel if he invests in year 3 and loses 86% of his money in the next 12 months? He’s going to pull his investment and you may be out of job. There’s also the potential problem of overestimating your odds which can be devastating when betting full kelly as it increases your volatility and reduces your returns possibly even into the negative. This is not the case with 1/2 or 1/4 kelly as long as the overestimation is not too large. Let’s have a look at 1/2 kelly criterion:

This is more reasonable with a realized worst drawdown of 46%, but that may still be too steep for some investors so you may consider 1/4 kelly. This exercise demonstrates the importance of asset allocation and sizing. It’s often prudent to sacrifice returns in exchange for lower maximum drawdowns via diversification.

Great, so we’ll diversify and spread our investment into several of our most promising assets. As long as we spread our risk around a bit we’ll never go broke or have a devastating loss. How about Bitcoin and Ethereum? Facebook and Google? How about 100 different mortgage backed securities? As long as we diversify into multiple assets our chance of losing a large portion of our investment is very small, right? Not so fast. What all of these portfolios suffer from is multicollinearity, which is just a fancy way of saying that while it may seem you are diversified with a collection of assets, you’re not really if there is a single event which could cause all of your assets to drop in value at once. If there is even a 1% chance that an event could happen that would cause your whole portfolio to blow up, it’s too high. Given enough time, it’s a statistical certainty this will happen and you will lose it all.

Multicollinearity is the reason so many people predicted the Trump election incorrectly. Polling across different states are not independent events. It’s the same reason Long Term Capital Management went bankrupt. It’s the same reason large mortgage backed securities were bundled together and rated AAA investments. It’s the same reason portfolio insurance caused a crash in 1987. It’s the same reason sportsbooks won’t let you parlay the favorite and the over. Failure to understand this concept is a source of great losses and potential for great profits if you find the right opportunities on Wall Street. Any time there is a basket of supposedly uncorrelated assets and a derivative is being dealt on this basket, there is potential for profit.

True diversification requires uncorrelated assets. While holding a collection of stocks is a diversified collection of stocks, it’s not a diversified portfolio. All stocks will go down in a bear market. For true diversification you need to hold assets that will go up in a bear market. This mostly includes gold, commodities, bonds and cash. Another way to make money in a bear market is by shorting stocks. Let’s look at the performance of these assets over the great recession of 2008.

Vanguard BND ETF

Gold

DBC Broad Commodities Index

Vanguard REIT VNQ

Being long bonds, long gold, long commodities or short real estate would have been great investments in 2007. Later, I’ll talk about a few indicators you may use to predict when to allocate a larger percentage of your portfolio to these assets. If you don’t believe in market timing, holding a fixed percentage of these stock alternative assets and rebalancing once a year can greatly decrease your max draw downs and potentially increase returns.

I hope by now you understand that even though stocks are the highest returning passive investment asset class, holding 100% of them long in your portfolio is not optimal. Don’t take my word for it though, play around and backtest portfolios. Try adding a small amount of commodities or bonds or gold to your portfolio and see what happens. Taken to the extreme of favoring low volatile consistent returns over high volatile erratic returns, Tony Robbins (inspired by Ray Dalio) introduced an All Weather Portfolio that consists of:

30% US stocks

40% in Long-term U.S. Treasury Bonds

15% in Intermediate-Term U.S. Treasury Bonds

7.50% in Gold

7.50% in broad Commodity basket

This seems absurdly conservative, but the results of the backtest are interesting.

Substituting gold for commodities since commodities pricing on portfoliovisuzlizer.com only goes back 10 years.

As you can see the total return is lower but the sharpe ratio is higher. This portfolio has a worst drawdown of only 4% vs a 51% worse drawdown for the all stock portfolio. It’s not a portfolio I would recommend for young people or those who can stomach large losses and stay invested, but if you want to sleep easy at night, are near retirement, or manage the largest hedge fund in the world (as Ray Dalio did) than this allocation can make sense. It also highlights the value of diversification.

Passive ways to stock pick

Beyond diversification how else can we improve our portfolio? How can we beat the S&P 500 ETF SPY for our stock allocation? One way is with equal weighted index funds. The problem with SPY is it is market capitalization weighted. This means you are allocating a larger percentage of your portfolio to stocks that go up in price. This essentially ensures you are holding overpriced stocks as a disproportionate part of your portfolio. This is the exact opposite of what you should be doing. There are infinite alternative and better ways to decide your stock allocation via equal weighting, PE ratios, revenue etc. A dead simple passive method is to hold RSP an equal weighted S&P 500 ETF. The management fee is extremely small at 0.4% and it has beaten SPY since its inception in 2003:

Another method of generating alpha is to buy small market cap stocks. The S&P 500 is full of large companies that don’t have much room for further growth. It’s much harder to grow revenues at a big business than at a small business. Small cap stocks have consistently over performed.

How about buying cheap and good companies? Checkout Magic Formula Investing and https://www.magicformulainvesting.com/, it is a method established by Joel Greenblatt that beats the S&P 500 96% of the time in his backtests, and has averaged a 17-year annual return of 30.8%.

Magic Formula Investing Formula

1. Establish a minimum market capitalization (usually greater than $50 million).
2. Exclude utility and financial stocks.
3. Exclude foreign companies (American Depositary Receipts).
4. Determine company’s earnings yield = EBIT / enterprise value.
5. Determine company’s return on capital = EBIT / (net fixed assets + working capital).
6. Rank all companies above chosen market capitalization by highest earnings yield and highest return on capital (ranked as percentages).
7. Invest in 20–30 highest ranked companies, accumulating 2–3 positions per month over a 12-month period.
8. Re-balance portfolio once per year, selling losers one week before the year-mark and winners one week after the year mark.
9. Continue over a long-term (5–10+ year) period.

Active Investing

If you’re not sold on passive investing and want to take a more involved role in your investment, then this section is for you. The benefit of active investing is the potential to earn above market returns. The disadvantage of active investing is that it is time consuming. If you would like to actively invest you will need both a large amount of capital and the skills to invest wisely. Lacking either of these you need to go out and either earn more capital or increase your investing skills (read books, find a mentor, get experience with a job in finance, etc). There are near infinite ways to make money in the stock market. There are so many things you can bet on: company earnings, the broader economy, future interest rates, currency exchange rates, weather, etc. There are so many ways to bet: stocks, bonds, futures, options, etc. There are so many different time horizons to hold for: milliseconds, seconds, hours, days, months, years. You will have to narrow your focus for what works for you. In general as a small time investor you will have a much better chance at generating alpha on smaller market cap, lower liquidity assets with long time horizons. The hedge fund managers who manage billions of dollars are mostly involved in large market cap, highly liquid investments with short time horizons. It’s definitely possible to compete and win at that game, but your odds of success will be lower.

1) Searching for investments

Like any business you need deal flow. The idea is to start with all the bets available that you can make and narrow them down step by step to the best ones. The general process will be:

1. Look at various investment opportunities.
2. Pick the best ones and invest.
3. Wait for investment to payoff or fail to payoff and realize profits or losses.
4. Learn and improve after seeing results in step 3. Hopefully you’ll be better at step 2 in the future. Go to step 1.

Different ways of generating deal flow might be:

1. Reading investment news and discussion: WSJ, Barrons, Financial Times, Seeking Alpha, CNBC, investment newsletters, investing forums, financial twitter, mergers and acquisitions, IPOs, etc.
2. Search for fads. This is the whole premise of Laughing at Wall Street. Chris Camillo looks for information that most stock analysts are not looking at — Michelle Obama buying JCrew (buy $JCG), Trump tweeting (buy $TWTR), people on reddit complaining they can’t find Nintendo Switches to buy because they’re all sold out and there are shortages (buy $NTDOY). He then buys long term in the money call options, six months to a year out, long enough for his investment premise to be realized in revenues by the market and hopefully profits. He doesn’t read financial statements at all.
3. Use a stock screener. I like https://finviz.com/. You can search for companies with good (or bad if you want to short) fundamentals such as low P/E ratios or low Book/Value. If you prefer technical analysis indicators, then you can search for stocks with a low RSI, or a 20 day moving average above the 200 day moving average, or stocks with unusually high volume lately, etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2rptGOMJcg provides a good demo.
4. Listening to earnings conference calls https://earningscast.com for ideas.

2) Narrowing your investments

Once you have a method of generating deal flow, you need to further refine your search. As Warren Buffett says, “You don’t have to swing at everything — you can wait for your pitch.” You need a way of figuring out which pitches to swing at. To be perfectly clear, when you’re active investing you’re trying to predict future asset prices. In order to do this you’re going to need to find predictive indicators to predict future prices. This may involve doing fundamental research on a company’s financial statements, looking at a price action pattern that you’ve back tested, or it may be as simple as looking up a futures price and using that as your prediction for an arbitrage trade. There are two main methods of stock picking and narrowing your search; top down investing and bottom up investing.

Top down investing

Top down investing starts by making a prediction about the direction of the stock market and economy as a whole in order to begin narrowing your search down to which sectors you think will perform best. For top down investing, let’s first take a look at what we’re trying to predict — the prices of broad stock market indexes:

Recessions are shaded in gray. The fact that this chart is inflation adjusted is very important. Stocks don’t appreciate much in real value in times of extremely low inflation (deflation in the 1930s) or in times of extremely high inflation (1965–1982), although they will still hold their value better than holding cash would.

History is a great teacher. Everything that will happen in the future of the stock market has already happened in some form in the past. I would highly recommend reading about at least the last 100 years of recessions here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_States.

The Federal Reserve

The single most influential entity on the direction of the stock market going forward is the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy. The Federal Reserve’s stated goals are to maximize sustainable employment, maintain stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates. In order to predict what the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy will be going forward it’s best to look at the same data they’ll be looking at to guide their policy: unemployment rates, inflation rates and long term interest rates.

Unemployment Rates

Quality FRED data only goes back to ~1950 for unemployment rates.

Looking over the unemployment rate numbers you will notice the large peaks in unemployment in the 1930s, mid 1980s and 2007.

Inflation Rates

Quality FRED data only goes back to ~1960 for inflation rates.

Looking over the inflation rates you will notice the negative inflation (deflation) rates during the great depression which ultimately led Franklin D. Roosevelt to pass the Gold Reserve Act of 1934 which devalued the US dollar and ultimately led to higher inflation, lower unemployment and a growing economy.

You may also notice the great inflation from 1965–1982. This was largely a result of the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy of keeping lending rates too low for too long. They were trying to keep unemployment numbers down and they did for awhile, but they ignored the growing inflation rates which ultimately led to high unemployment numbers and a recession — exactly what they were trying to avoid. Richard Nixon was running for reelection in 1972 and pressured the FED to keep interest rates too low for too long, resulting in worse short term inflation: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/1970s-great-inflation.asp.

Long Term Interest Rates

Quality FRED data only goes back to ~1960 for 10 year treasury rates:

The main tool the FED has in influencing unemployment, inflation and interest rates is by setting the effective federal funds rate.

You will notice we are at historic lows for interest rates.

Predictive Indicators

How can we use this information to predict the direction of the stock market? The most reliable indicator that I’ve found for predicting recessions is the slope of the yield curve. The yield curve graphs treasury maturity rate on the x-axis and the yield on the y-axis. You can view the current and historical charts here: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/Pages/Historic-Yield-Data-Visualization.aspx and compare it to the forward performance of the S&P 500. This video demonstrates it well: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXiwY_e4nC0. What you will find is that a flat yield or inverted curve bodes very badly for the stock market.

Below is the current January 2018 yield curve. This is its most common state. It’s natural for investors to demand higher interest rates for long term investments than short term investments.

January 2007 yield curve prior to the great recession:

January 2000 yield curve prior to the dotcom crash:

Why does the yield curve flatten? It’s part of the natural business cycle. The typical cycle looks like this:

1. The economy goes into recession.
2. The FED lowers the federal funds rate.
3. The economy starts to recover.
4. Inflation rate increases.
5. The FED increases the federal funds rate.
6. Go to step 1.

Non predictive indicators

I’m sure you’ve read a few zerohedge headlines over the past five years about how the market is due for another great depression and the US has crippling debt. This chart looks scary right?

Total Public Debt

This chart is only half the story. Let’s look at real GDP:

A more reasonable statistic to use is to combine the two by looking at the debt to GDP ratio.

While the total debt is certainly high so are productivity and household income. As you can see, we had similar debt levels in the 1940s during WWII and we did not have a giant depression that followed. Also, when the same country is both the debtor nation and the currency issuer of that debt,said country can print money and inflate away a lot of its debt. As long as investors keep buying US treasuries and using the US dollar as the world’s reserve currency, interest rates (yields) will stay low and so will US debt payments as a percentage of tax revenues. The main takeaway is that you have to look at the whole picture — both debt and income. As incomes rise, it’s natural for debt levels to rise with them.

Another false indicator people like to point to are P/E ratios.

Stocks look pretty expensive right? Check out this article https://seekingalpha.com/article/3991102-view-top-historical-p-e-ratios-market-peaks for further explanation. The problem with using P/E ratios alone as a predictor is they don’t take 10 year US treasury rates, also known as the risk free rate of return into account. Stocks are going to appear expensive when the alternative is earning 2% risk free return on your money. Also, stocks will look cheap when the alternative is earning 16% risk free return on your money. You need to combine P/E ratios and 10 year treasury rates to truly determine when stocks are expensive because context matters. Have another look at 10 year treasury rates.

Bond yields and stock yields are typically inversely correlated and generally the Federal Reserve’s federal funds rate will determine the bond yields. As long as the Federal Reserve maintains low interest rates, treasury rates will stay low, bond prices will stay expensive, and stock prices will continue to rise. This will eventually cause a rise in inflation which will likely cause the Federal Reserve to increase the federal funds rate, which will then cause treasury rates to rise and bond prices to become cheap, which will then cause money to move out of stocks and into the cheaply priced bonds, which will then cause a stock market correction. This is the natural business cycle discussed above.

The stock market being at an all time high

All time highs in the stock market are perfectly normal. It’s natural for the stock market to go up over time and to be constantly making new all time highs. The S&P 500 has spent about ~1/3 of its time within 5% of an all time high. Would you invest at the end of this bull run?

The above is the Dow Jones Industrial Average from 1986–1995. The following chart depicts what happened next.

Just because the market is going up and is at an all time high does not mean it is due for a crash or that it’s a bubble and is way overvalued.

Bottom up investing

Bottom up investing ignores the broader sector and economic conditions and selects investments mainly on the merits of the individual stock.

For individual stocks, most predictive indicators are either a result of technical analysis or fundamental analysis.

Technical Analysis

The main methods of technical analysis are:

1. Trend following revolves around recognizing whether a trend is up or down and then buying on the way up and selling on the way down. Ideally you would buy when the long term trend is up, but the stock is short term oversold. You would then sell on the way down when the long term trend is down, but the short term is overbought.
2. Mean reversion revolves around the theory that prices randomly fluctuate around the average. The idea is to sell when the price is above the mean and buy when it is below. An example might be trading the CBOE Volatility Index VIX around it’s historic mean. Another might be tracking the correlation of an index fund ETF to various stocks and buying the stocks and shorting the ETF when correlation is below its historic mean.
3. Pattern recognition revolves around finding price patterns that predict future prices. An example might be the day trading gap and go strategy, looking at seasonal/day of the week/day of the month/time of the day price patterns, or training a machine learning algorithm on historical price and volume data.

Fundamental Analysis

For an introduction to fundamental analysis I highly recommend this 42 part Buffet Books Youtube course https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCFs7WmLhCvwRHhZNYT-ZGwqWnOIjMB10. I spent ~two days watching them and taking notes and it gave me a very solid foundation for how to value a stock.

3) Making an investment

Once you’ve narrowed down your investments into your best ideas you’ll need to execute the trade. You can do all the right research and make all the correct predictions, but if you don’t implement your trade correctly you can still lose money. Let’s look at various trading strategies.

Hedging

As an event driven trade example, WYNN dropped 10% this past Friday from $199 to $180 on news of sexual allegations against Steve Wynn. This is a very large short term move for a stock. Suppose you hypothesize that the market has overreacted to the news and it will not affect the earnings of WYNN as a company as much as the market is currently predicting. How would you execute this trade idea? Most people would say go long WYNN stock. The problem with this strategy is that by buying WYNN you are not just predicting that WYNN will go up in the future, you are also predicting that the stock market as a whole will go up and that the casino industry will do well because they are all highly correlated. One method to better align your trade idea with your trade execution might be to simultaneously short S&P 500 futures or short another casino stock like MGM or LVS at the same time you go long WYNN. This is known as a long/short strategy and is very popular with hedge funds. You are eliminating your broad market or sector risk and better aligning your trade idea with your trade implementation. Of course, this strategy is not without its flaws. By eliminating some risks, you are also introducing other risks. For example, if you short the S&P 500, the tech sector may go on a huge run and even if WYNN recovers and over performs as you predicted, your gains will be wiped out by the S&P 500 short. If you go short MGM, MGM may get bought out by a rival and the stock may go on a huge run that may wipe out your WYNN gains.

Another trade example that highlights the benefits of hedging is betting on a flattening yield curve. This means you think short term interest rates will rise in relation to long term rates. How would you implement this trade? A lot of people might say to short the 2 year treasury futures ZTH18. The problem with this approach is that you are really betting on higher short term treasury rates, not a flattening yield curve. The yield curve may flatten but you may still lose money if 2 year rates fall but 10 year rates fall quicker. This is an example of a flattening yield curve in an overall bullish bond market. A better way to implement this trade would be to simultaneously short the 2 year treasury and long the 10 year treasury ZNH18.

Options Trading

The best way to generate alpha in the stock market is going to be to find a false assumption that the market price is indicating about the future and bet against it. Options trading is no different. Options pricing is mostly based on some form of the Black-Scholes model or Bjerksund-Stensland model. These models make several assumptions which you may be able to exploit including:

1. Assumes normal distribution of price action. Sometimes a stock will be valued at a certain price, but it’s future price is very unlikely to be at that same price. It may follow a bimodal distribution instead of a normal distribution.
2. Assumes volatility increases at the rate of time squared. James Mai of Cornwall Capital, and one of the main characters in Michael Lewis’ The Big Short, made a fortune betting on long term options or LEAPS.
3. Assumes no market trend. The Black-Scholes model gives no preference for bull or bear markets. If you can predict the long term market trend you can make money trading options.

Arbitrage

This involves simultaneously buying and selling something to lock in a guaranteed profit. One method of arbitrage is to search for spreads between future and spot prices. Another is to find different markets that offer the same goods for sale at different prices. A more risky form of arbitrage that hedge funds make trades based on is “risk arbitrage” or “merger arbitrage” — betting a merger or takeover will go through.

Market Making

This is a common trading strategy for banks and trading bots. For example, when you call your broker and ask him for the current price on a stock, he will give you a bid/ask spread. These are are the prices at which he is willing to buy or sell the stock. The fair value of the stock is in between these prices. At least usually this is the case. Sometimes with over the counter (OTC) trading of illiquid products, the bank will rip off a customer by skewing the price in their favor. If a pension fund calls up and says they want to buy 10,000 shares of Apple, instead of asking the broker to make a market on Apple, some unethical brokers may intentionally quote a higher price than the current market price and pocket the difference.

If you are willing to undercut the other market makers in the low liquidity, high bid/ask spread markets, then you can make money by market making.

Conclusion

There are near infinite ways to make money in the stock market. Hopefully I’ve given you an idea of what’s possible and some popular methods that other people have been successful with. You’ll have to figure out what works best for you. Best of luck. You can reach me on twitter @andr3w321